NQF Level 5 in South Africa: Courses & Qualifications 2026

NQF Level 5 in South Africa.

NQF Level 5 is a post-school qualification that provides applied technical knowledge and skills for paraprofessional work or progression to higher education.

Level 5 sits within the Higher Education Qualifications Sub-Framework (HEQSF) and the Occupational Qualifications Sub-Framework (OQSF), both managed by the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA).

Typical Level 5 awards include Higher Certificates and National Certificates, most carrying 120 credits across 10 modules.

This guide explains qualification types, credit structures, career outcomes, progression pathways, and accreditation requirements for NQF Level 5 in South Africa.

Table of Contents

What is NQF Level 5?

NQF Level 5 represents the entry point into post-secondary education in South Africa, positioned between the National Senior Certificate (Level 4) and diplomas or bachelor’s degrees (Levels 6 and 7).

The South African Qualifications Authority registers all Level 5 qualifications on the National Qualifications Framework and sets minimum standards for knowledge scope, problem-solving ability, and professional ethics.

Level 5 qualifications prepare learners for junior supervisory roles through applied technical training. The Council on Higher Education (CHE) quality-assures academic Higher Certificates, while the Quality Council for Trades and Occupations (QCTO) oversees occupational certificates in trade and technical fields.

Core Level 5 Descriptors

SAQA requires Level 5 programmes to demonstrate:

  • Scope of knowledge: Operational understanding of one or more fields with basic theoretical concepts
  • Method and procedure: Ability to select and apply standard methods to solve well-defined problems
  • Problem-solving: Solutions drawn from a range of established procedures
  • Ethics and responsibility: Full accountability for own work and learning progress
  • Communication: Clear presentation of information to specialist and non-specialist audiences

NQF Level 5 Qualification Types

Level 5 offers three primary qualification types: Higher Certificates (academic pathway), National Certificates (vocational pathway), and Occupational Certificates (workplace-based training). Each type serves distinct purposes and leads to different career and study outcomes.

Qualification TypePrimary FocusTypical DurationCredit LoadQuality Council
Higher CertificateAcademic foundation for university progression1 year full-time120 creditsCHE
National CertificateVocational skills for specific occupations1 year full-time120-130 creditsCHE or QCTO
Occupational CertificatePractical workplace competencies in trades1-2 yearsVariableQCTO
Advanced CertificateSpecialization after previous Level 4 or 51 year120 creditsCHE

Higher Certificate

A Higher Certificate provides foundational knowledge for learners planning to continue to diploma or degree studies. Universities and universities of technology offer Higher Certificates as bridging programmes.

The University of South Africa (Unisa) structures its Higher Certificates as 10 modules of 12 credits each, totaling 120 credits. Common examples include Higher Certificate in Economic and Management Sciences (SAQA ID 90677) and Higher Certificate in Business Management (SAQA ID 71774).

National Certificate

National Certificates focus on occupational readiness through technical and vocational training. Examples include the National Certificate: Generic Management (SAQA ID 59201) and National Certificate: Banking (SAQA ID 61589, accredited by BANKSETA). Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges deliver many National Certificates alongside N4-N6 programmes.

Occupational Certificate

Occupational Certificates combine theoretical knowledge with structured workplace experience. The QCTO registers these qualifications and requires learners to complete knowledge modules, practical skills modules, and work experience modules. Examples include occupational certificates in Wealth Management and specific technical trades.

How Many Credits is NQF Level 5?

Most NQF Level 5 qualifications carry 120 credits, structured as 10 modules of 12 credits each. One credit represents 10 notional learning hours, meaning a 120-credit qualification requires 1,200 hours of study, including contact time, independent study, and assessment.

Credit Calculation

  • 1 credit = 10 notional hours
  • 12-credit module = 120 notional hours
  • 120-credit qualification = 1,200 notional hours total
  • Full-time study typically covers 120 credits in 12 months

Unisa publishes detailed credit and module information showing that Higher Certificates follow this 120-credit structure. Some specialized programmes may vary between 120 and 130 credits depending on field requirements and professional body standards.

Module Structure Examples

Higher Certificate in Economic and Management Sciences (120 credits):

  • Business Communication: 12 credits
  • Financial Accounting Fundamentals: 12 credits
  • Economics Principles: 12 credits
  • Business Management: 12 credits
  • Project Management: 12 credits
  • Additional elective modules: 60 credits

National Certificate: Generic Management (120 credits):

  • Financial Management: 12 credits
  • People Management: 12 credits
  • Operations Management: 12 credits
  • Strategic Planning: 12 credits
  • Leadership Development: 12 credits
  • Industry-specific modules: 60 credits

NQF Level 5 Entry Requirements

Entry to NQF Level 5 programmes requires a National Senior Certificate (Matric) or equivalent Level 4 qualification. Specific subject requirements and achievement levels vary by programme type and field of study.

Standard Entry Pathways

Academic Higher Certificates typically require:

  • National Senior Certificate with minimum achievement rating
  • Specific subject passes (Mathematics, English, relevant field subjects)
  • Minimum Admission Points Score (APS) set by institution

Vocational National Certificates accept:

  • National Senior Certificate
  • National Certificate Vocational (NCV) Level 4
  • NATED N3 certificate in relevant field

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

Recognition of Prior Learning allows entry without formal qualifications through assessment of work experience and informal learning. The RPL process requires:

  1. Documentary evidence of relevant work experience (minimum 2-3 years in related field)
  2. Portfolio of learning demonstrating competencies
  3. RPL application form and supporting documents
  4. Assessment through written tests, interviews, or practical demonstrations
  5. Institutional review and credit determination

RPL applicants must contact the provider’s admissions office for specific requirements, assessment schedules, and fee structures.

Mature Age Entry

Learners aged 23 years or older may qualify for alternative admission through:

  • Mature age exemption policies (vary by institution)
  • Bridging programmes offered by provider
  • Access courses designed for adult learners

What is NQF Level 5 Equivalent To?

NQF Level 5 in South Africa aligns with international qualification frameworks, though exact equivalence depends on country-specific structures and quality assurance processes. The table below shows functional comparisons.

Country/RegionLevel 5 EquivalentQualification ExamplesTypical Duration
South AfricaNQF Level 5Higher Certificate, National Certificate1 year (120 credits)
United KingdomRQF Level 5Higher National Diploma (HND), Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE), Foundation Degree1-2 years
AustraliaAQF Level 5Diploma1-2 years
European UnionEQF Level 5Short-cycle tertiary qualification1-2 years
IrelandNFQ Level 6Higher Certificate1-2 years
United StatesAssociate DegreeAssociate of Arts (AA), Associate of Science (AS)2 years

Important Equivalence Considerations

International equivalence is functional, not automatic. Learners planning overseas study or migration must:

  • Obtain formal qualification evaluation from the receiving country’s recognition authority
  • Provide certified academic transcripts and qualification certificates
  • Complete additional bridging modules if gaps exist
  • Verify professional body recognition in regulated fields

The South African Qualifications Authority issues verification letters confirming NQF level, credit load, and quality assurance status for international submissions.

NQF Level 5 Courses in South Africa

South African providers offer Level 5 qualifications across business, technology, healthcare, education, and specialized technical fields. Course availability varies by institution type and regional demand.

Business and Management

Generic Management Level 5 develops supervisory and junior management competencies. The National Certificate: Generic Management (SAQA ID 59201) covers financial management, people management, operations planning, and strategic awareness. Providers include TVET colleges, private training institutions, and corporate academies.

Business Administration programmes prepare learners for administrative and support roles. Modules typically include business communication, office technology, records management, and customer relations.

Wealth Management qualifications (SAQA ID registered) provide foundational knowledge for financial services roles. The Financial Planning Institute (FPI) recognizes approved Level 5 programmes as entry requirements for professional designations.

Information Technology and Systems

System Support NQF Level 5 trains technical support specialists. Curriculum covers hardware troubleshooting, software installation, network basics, and user support procedures.

Systems Development Level 5 introduces programming concepts, database fundamentals, and software testing. Learners gain entry-level development skills for junior programmer or tester positions.

Cybersecurity short courses at Level 5 cover information security principles, risk assessment, and basic security technologies. These programmes often serve as continuing professional development for IT practitioners.

Project Management

Project Management NQF Level 5 qualifications develop planning, coordination, and monitoring competencies. Modules address project scope definition, resource allocation, scheduling, stakeholder communication, and basic risk management. The Project Management Institute of South Africa (PMISA) and similar bodies provide frameworks for professional progression beyond Level 5.

Healthcare and Social Services

Healthcare Administration at Level 5 prepares coordinators for medical facilities. Training includes medical terminology, health records management, patient administration, and healthcare compliance.

Early Childhood Development (ECD) Level 5 programmes train practitioners for registered daycare and preschool roles. The Department of Social Development sets ECD qualification standards.

Education and Training

Higher Certificate in Education pathways prepare teaching assistants and learning support practitioners. Some programmes offer articulation to Level 6 education diplomas and eventual teacher registration pathways.

Where to Study NQF Level 5

Level 5 qualifications are available through universities, universities of technology, TVET colleges, and registered private providers. Each institution type offers distinct advantages in cost, flexibility, and specialization.

Public Universities

Universities offer Higher Certificates as academic bridging programmes. Examples:

  • University of South Africa (Unisa): Distance learning Higher Certificates across multiple fields
  • University of Johannesburg (UJ): Contact and blended Higher Certificates
  • Tshwane University of Technology (TUT): Technology-focused Higher Certificates

Public university fees typically range from R15,000 to R25,000 annually for Higher Certificates, with NSFAS funding available for qualifying students.

TVET Colleges

Technical and Vocational Education and Training colleges deliver National Certificates and occupational programmes. All 50 public TVET colleges across nine provinces offer Level 5 qualifications in engineering, business, hospitality, and information technology. TVET college fees generally range from R5,000 to R15,000 annually.

Private Training Providers

Accredited private colleges offer flexible delivery modes:

  • Damelin: Business, IT, and project management Level 5 programmes
  • Rosebank College: Higher Certificates with university articulation agreements
  • IQ Academy: Project management and business qualifications
  • Skills Academy: Industry-aligned short programmes

Private provider fees vary from R20,000 to R45,000 depending on programme and delivery mode (contact, online, or blended).

Verification Requirements

Before enrolling, verify:

  1. SAQA registration of qualification (search at regqs.saqa.org.za)
  2. CHE or QCTO accreditation status
  3. Department of Higher Education and Training provider registration
  4. Articulation agreements for progression to Level 6 or 7
  5. Professional body recognition where relevant

NQF Level 5 Jobs and Career Outcomes

Level 5 qualifications prepare learners for paraprofessional, junior supervisory, and specialized technical roles. Career progression depends on field, employer sector, and additional experience or certification.

Typical Job Titles

Business and Administration:

  • Junior Manager
  • Supervisor
  • Human Resources Assistant
  • Office Administrator
  • Customer Service Manager
  • Supply Chain Coordinator

Information Technology:

  • Systems Support Technician
  • IT Help Desk Specialist
  • Junior Developer
  • Database Administrator Assistant
  • Network Support Technician

Finance and Banking:

  • Bank Teller Supervisor
  • Financial Services Consultant
  • Wealth Management Associate
  • Accounts Payable/Receivable Supervisor

Project and Operations:

  • Project Coordinator
  • Operations Assistant
  • Quality Control Inspector
  • Logistics Coordinator

Salary Expectations

Entry-level positions for Level 5 holders typically pay R120,000 to R180,000 annually in formal sector employment. Salary ranges vary by:

  • Industry sector (banking and IT generally offer higher starting salaries)
  • Geographic location (urban centers pay 15-25% more than rural areas)
  • Employer size (large corporations typically offer structured salary scales)
  • Previous experience and additional certifications

Professional Development

Employers often require additional workplace competencies beyond the qualification. Common professional development requirements include:

  • Industry-specific software certifications (SAP, Microsoft Office Specialist, industry tools)
  • Professional body membership (SABPP for HR, FPI for financial planning)
  • Short courses in specialized techniques
  • Workplace safety and compliance training

Progression from NQF Level 5 to Higher Qualifications

Level 5 qualifications articulate to diplomas (Level 6) and bachelor degrees (Level 7) through formal progression pathways. Articulation policies vary by institution and depend on academic performance and field alignment.

Vertical Articulation Pathways

Higher Certificate to Diploma: Learners completing a Higher Certificate with a minimum 60% average typically gain direct entry to related diplomas. Credits may transfer for equivalent modules, reducing diploma completion time to 1-2 years instead of 3 years.

Higher Certificate to Bachelor Degree: Some universities admit Higher Certificate holders to bachelor programmes with advanced standing. Entry requirements usually include:

  • Minimum 65% final mark in Higher Certificate
  • Completion of specific core modules
  • Additional bridging modules where gaps exist
  • Academic literacy and numeracy assessments

Example Progression Routes:

  • Higher Certificate in Business → Diploma in Business Management → Bachelor of Commerce
  • National Certificate: IT Support → Diploma in Information Technology → Bachelor of Information Technology
  • Higher Certificate in Education → Advanced Diploma in Education → Bachelor of Education (requires additional requirements)

Horizontal Articulation

Horizontal articulation allows movement between qualifications at the same level. Learners may complete a Higher Certificate in one field and a National Certificate in another to broaden competencies, or transfer credits between providers for the same qualification.

Credit Transfer Requirements

Receiving institutions assess:

  1. Module content alignment (minimum 80% overlap typically required)
  2. Assessment standards and outcomes achieved
  3. Academic performance (minimum pass mark, often 50-60%)
  4. Recency of learning (credits older than 5 years may require revalidation)
  5. Qualification SAQA registration status

NQF Level 5 vs Other Levels

Level 5 sits between basic vocational training (Level 4) and advanced technical qualifications (Level 6), emphasizing applied knowledge under broad supervision. The table below shows key distinctions.

FeatureLevel 4 (NSC/NQF 4)Level 5Level 6 (Diploma)Level 7 (Bachelor Degree)
Knowledge scopeBasic concepts in multiple areasApplied technical knowledge in one fieldIntegrated theoretical and practical knowledgeComprehensive theoretical knowledge
AutonomyClose supervision requiredBroad guidance, limited autonomyModerate autonomy, self-directionHigh autonomy, independent work
Problem-solvingRoutine, defined problemsWell-defined problems, range of solutionsComplex problems, innovative solutionsAbstract problems, theoretical frameworks
Typical duration3 years (high school)1 year3 years3-4 years
CreditsN/A (school system)120 credits360 credits360-480 credits
Career levelEntry levelParaprofessionalProfessionalProfessional specialist

When to Choose Level 5

Select Level 5 if:

  • You need a 1-year post-school qualification for immediate employment
  • You require a bridging programme to enter diploma or degree studies
  • You are upgrading workplace skills for a supervisory promotion
  • You seek recognition of prior learning to formalize experience
  • You prefer shorter study commitment than 3-year diploma programmes

Consider higher levels if:

  • You have time and resources for 3+ year programmes
  • Your career field requires a minimum diploma or degree qualifications
  • You seek professional registration in regulated professions
  • You plan academic or research careers requiring postgraduate study

How to Choose an NQF Level 5 Programme

Select a Level 5 programme by evaluating accreditation status, credit structure, delivery mode, articulation agreements, and employer recognition. Follow this systematic process.

Step 1: Verify SAQA Registration

Search the SAQA registry (regqs.saqa.org.za or allqs.saqa.org.za) for:

  • Qualification title
  • SAQA ID number
  • Registration status (registered, legacy, or expired)
  • Quality council responsible (CHE or QCTO)
  • Total credit value
  • Exit level outcomes

Example: National Certificate: Generic Management shows SAQA ID 59201, 120 credits, registered status, and CHE quality assurance.

Step 2: Confirm Provider Accreditation

Check the Department of Higher Education and Training provider registry for:

  • Institutional registration number
  • Accreditation scope (which programmes approved)
  • Quality assurance status
  • Campus locations and delivery modes

Contact the CHE or QCTO directly for public provider lists and accreditation verification.

Step 3: Compare Programme Structure

Request detailed curriculum information:

  • Module titles and credit values
  • Core vs elective module split
  • Assessment methods (exams, assignments, practicals, workplace assessment)
  • Work-integrated learning or practical components
  • Maximum study duration allowed

Step 4: Assess Articulation Options

Obtain written articulation agreements showing:

  • Which Level 6 programmes accept the qualification
  • Credit transfer policies and module exemptions
  • Minimum academic performance requirements
  • Bridging module requirements if applicable
  • Partner institutions for progression

Step 5: Calculate Total Cost

Factor in all expenses:

  • Annual tuition fees
  • Registration and administration fees
  • Textbooks and study materials
  • Technology requirements (laptop, internet access)
  • Examination fees
  • Travel costs for contact sessions
  • Accommodation if relocating

NSFAS funding covers qualifying students at public universities and TVET colleges. Private provider students may access:

  • Bank study loans
  • Employer bursaries and skills development funding
  • SETA (Sector Education and Training Authority) grants
  • Provincial bursary schemes

Step 6: Review Delivery Mode

Match study mode to personal circumstances:

  • Full-time contact: Daily campus attendance, structured timetable, face-to-face teaching
  • Part-time contact: Evening or weekend classes, 2-3 years completion
  • Distance learning: Self-paced study with minimal campus requirements (Unisa model)
  • Blended learning: Combination of online modules and periodic contact sessions
  • Workplace-based: Occupational certificates with on-the-job training components

Step 7: Check Recognition of Prior Learning Policies

If entering through RPL:

  • Obtain RPL policy document
  • Identify required evidence types
  • Confirm assessment procedures and timelines
  • Understand fee structure for RPL assessment
  • Plan portfolio development timeline

Learnerships and NQF Level 5

Learnerships combine structured learning with workplace experience and may lead to Level 5 qualifications. The Department of Higher Education and Training and Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) fund and manage learnership programmes.

Learnership Structure

A typical Level 5 learnership includes:

  • Theoretical component: Classroom or online learning at accredited provider (40-60% of time)
  • Practical component: Workplace experience with registered employer (40-60% of time)
  • Duration: 12-24 months depending on occupation
  • Assessment: Knowledge tests, practical demonstrations, workplace portfolios

Learnership Benefits

Learners receive:

  • Monthly stipend (typically R3,000 to R7,000 depending on sector and SETA)
  • Registration with SETA and learning agreement protection
  • Qualification at no personal cost (employer and SETA fund)
  • Guaranteed workplace experience hours
  • Possible permanent employment after completion

Finding Learnership Opportunities

Search for learnership vacancies through:

  • SETA websites (21 sector-specific SETAs cover all industries)
  • Department of Labour job portals
  • Company career pages (large employers offer structured programmes)
  • Provincial skills development offices
  • Youth employment programmes (Harambee, YES Initiative)

Learnership applicants typically need a National Senior Certificate (Level 4) and meet age requirements (often 18-35 years for youth-targeted programmes).

Frequently Asked Questions About NQF Level 5

Is NQF Level 5 a diploma or certificate?

NQF Level 5 awards are certificates, not diplomas. South African Level 5 qualifications carry titles “Higher Certificate” or “National Certificate” with 120 credits. Diplomas sit at Level 6 with 360 credits over three years. Australia uses “Diploma” for its equivalent AQF Level 5, creating international naming confusion.

Can I get a job with NQF Level 5?

Yes, Level 5 qualifications prepare learners for entry-level paraprofessional and junior supervisory positions. Employers in banking, IT support, business administration, and technical trades actively recruit Level 5 holders. Career advancement typically requires additional workplace experience, professional certifications, or progression to Level 6 qualifications.

How long does NQF Level 5 take to complete?

Most Level 5 qualifications require one year of full-time study (120 credits). Part-time options extend completion to 18-24 months. Institutions set maximum registration periods, commonly three years for Higher Certificates, allowing flexibility for working students. Occupational certificates may require longer periods to accumulate workplace hours.

Can NQF Level 5 lead to a degree?

Yes, Higher Certificates specifically serve as bridging pathways to bachelor degrees. Learners meeting minimum academic performance (typically 60-65% average) gain entry to degree programmes with credit transfer for equivalent modules. Progression from Level 5 to Level 7 generally requires completing a Level 6 diploma first or additional bridging modules.

What is the pass mark for NQF Level 5?

Minimum pass marks are 50% for most modules, with some institutions requiring 60% for progression purposes. Individual module pass requirements vary by assessment type. Workplace-based modules in occupational certificates use “competent” or “not yet competent” ratings instead of percentage marks.

Is NQF Level 5 recognized internationally?

SAQA-registered Level 5 qualifications have functional equivalence internationally but require formal evaluation for acceptance. Learners planning overseas study or migration must obtain qualification verification from SAQA and credential evaluation from the receiving country’s recognition authority. Professional bodies in regulated fields (engineering, accounting, healthcare) have separate recognition processes.

Does NSFAS fund NQF Level 5?

Yes, NSFAS funds qualifying students enrolled in Level 5 programmes at public universities and TVET colleges. NSFAS Eligibility requires South African citizenship, household income below R350,000 annually, and admission to a SAQA-registered qualification. NSFAS does not fund students at private institutions.

What is the difference between NATED and NQF Level 5?

NATED (N4-N6) certificates represent vocational training pathways that may culminate in Level 5 National Certificates. NATED programs follow a semester-based structure with theoretical coursework. Completing N6 and 18 months of workplace experience yields a National N-Diploma, which aligns functionally with Level 5 but follows older framework rules. New qualifications register directly on the NQF at specified levels.

Key Entities and Regulatory Bodies for NQF Level 5

Understanding the organizational structure governing Level 5 qualifications ensures learners select accredited programmes and valid progression pathways.

South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA)

SAQA manages the National Qualifications Framework and registers all qualifications, including Level 5 awards. SAQA responsibilities include:

  • Setting level descriptors for knowledge, skills, and competencies
  • Maintaining the National Learners’ Records Database (NLRD)
  • Issuing qualification verification letters for international use
  • Monitoring quality council performance
  • Reviewing articulation between qualification types

Contact SAQA at saqa.org.za or telephone +27 86 010 3188 for verification services.

Council on Higher Education (CHE)

The CHE quality-assures Higher Certificates and academic programmes at universities and registered private providers. CHE accreditation confirms:

  • Curriculum meets minimum standards
  • Institution has adequate resources and qualified staff
  • Assessment practices ensure credible outcomes
  • Programme undergoes regular review cycles

Verify CHE accreditation at che.ac.za or telephone +27 12 349 3840.

Quality Council for Trades and Occupations (QCTO)

The QCTO develops and quality-assures occupational qualifications, including trade-based Level 5 certificates. QCTO qualifications emphasize workplace competence through:

  • External integrated summative assessment
  • Standardized assessment instruments
  • Work experience requirements
  • Industry expert involvement in assessment

Check QCTO registration at qcto.org.za or telephone +27 12 003 1720.

Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET)

DHET sets national policy, funds public institutions, and registers all post-school education providers. DHET manages:

  • TVET college network and funding
  • NSFAS student financial aid
  • Provider registration and compliance
  • Skills development frameworks and SETA coordination

Access DHET information at dhet.gov.za or telephone +27 12 312 5911.

Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs)

Twenty-one SETAs manage skills development and learnerships in specific economic sectors. Relevant SETAs for Level 5 qualifications include:

  • BANKSETA: Banking and financial services
  • SERVICES SETA: Business administration and related services
  • MICT SETA: Media, information technology, and telecommunications
  • FP&M SETA: Finance, accounting, and management consulting
  • MERSETA: Manufacturing, engineering, and related services

Making the Right Level 5 Decision

Choose NQF Level 5 when you need job-ready skills, formal qualification recognition, or a bridge to further study within a one-year timeframe. Level 5 serves learners seeking immediate employment in paraprofessional roles while maintaining options for academic progression.

Before enrolling:

  1. Verify SAQA registration and quality council accreditation
  2. Confirm the provider’s registration with DHET
  3. Review articulation agreements for progression pathways
  4. Calculate total programme costs against available funding
  5. Match delivery mode to personal circumstances
  6. Obtain written confirmation of credit values and module lists
  7. Contact admissions for Recognition of Prior Learning options
  8. Research employer recognition in your target industry
  9. Confirm professional body requirements if pursuing regulated careers
  10. Plan your progression route beyond Level 5

Level 5 qualifications provide legitimate pathways to employment and higher education when obtained from accredited providers. Always verify credentials through official SAQA, CHE, or QCTO channels before committing to any programme.

For provider searches, qualification verification, and detailed articulation rules, consult the SAQA registry at regqs.saqa.org.za or allqs.saqa.org.za. Contact individual institutions directly for current programme offerings, fees, and admission requirements specific to the intake cycle for Monday, January 19, 2026 or later dates.

Comments

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *